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主动脉瘤的外科与介入治疗
发表时间:2008-05-24 发表者:姚建民

 摘要 目的 介绍主动脉瘤的外科治疗与腔内隔绝术体会。 方法 199111月至20067月,外科与腔内隔绝术治疗主动脉瘤40例,男37例,女3例,年龄5-78岁。马凡氏综合症11例,夹层主动脉瘤DeBakey1例,8例,IIIA1例、IIIB8例,假性胸降主动脉瘤4例,腹主动脉瘤破裂出血3例,假性腹主动脉瘤1,主动脉瓣狭窄合并升主动脉瘤1例,主动脉瓣狭窄二尖瓣关闭不全合并升主动脉瘤2例。外科治疗30例,Bentall9例,Bentall+部分弓置换3例,主动脉瘤切除人工血管置换6例,主动脉瘤切除补片修补4例,升主动脉+部分弓置换、主动脉瓣二尖瓣置换+升主动脉折叠缝合术各2例,主动脉瓣置换+升主动脉置换、主动脉瓣置换升主动脉折叠缝合术、主动脉瘤切除直接缝合、主动脉瘤切除人工血管置换+左全肺切除术各1例。腔内隔绝术治疗假性胸降主动脉瘤1例、假性腹主动脉瘤1例、夹层主动脉瘤IIIA1例、IIIB7例,经股动脉切口植入32—38毫米覆膜支架。 结果外科手术后因低心排出量综合征和出血各死亡1例,死亡率6.7%,无截瘫偏瘫感染。覆膜支架腔内隔绝术后1-2周内低热8例,无大出血、内漏和死亡。生存38例,随访1个月-5年,无死亡和远期并发症。结论 升弓部主动脉瘤的外科治疗效果满意,覆膜支架腔内隔绝治疗DeBakeyIII型夹层主动脉瘤创伤小、并发症少、恢复快。

 

 关键词  主动脉瘤 夹层动脉瘤 血管腔内隔绝术

 

Abstract Objective  To explore the Surgical treatment and endovascular graft exclusion for aortic aneurysms. Methods Between November 1991 and July 2006, 40 patients, aged from 5-78 years old,withaorticaneurysmsunderwent surgicaltreatment and Endovascular graft exclusion procedure. Eleven cases were Marfan syndrome, 1 DeBakey type of aortic dissection, 8 DeBakey type 1 DeBakey type IIIA, 8 DeBakey type IIIB4 thoracic pseudoaneurysm, 4 abdominal aneurysm, 1 ascending aortic aneurysmal dilationwith aortic valvular stenosis, 2 ascending aortic aneurysmal dilationwith aortic valvular stenosis and mitral valvular insufficiency.Nine patients had Bentall procedures, 3 Bentall procedures combined with  partial aortic arch replacement, 6 aortic replacements, 4 aortic patch repairs, 2 ascending aortic and partial arch replacement, 1 ascending aortic and aortic valve replacement, 2 double valve replacement combined with ascending aortic plication, 1 aortic valve replacement combined with ascending aortic plication, 1 direct suture, 1 aortic replacement combined with left pneumoectomy, 10 endovascular graft exclusion.  Results   There were 2 postoperative deaths (6.7%)with no infection, paraplegia and paresis in surgical treatment. Eight cases had 1 to 2 weeks of mild fever with no massive haemorrhage, leak and death after endovascular graft exclusion. During a follow-up period of 1 months to 5 years, 38 survivors had no death and long-term complications.

 

Conclusions   Surgical treatment of ascending and arch aortic aneurysms appears to be satisfactory, endovascular graft exclusion can be a minimally invasive and safer alternative to surgical procedure for DeBakey type IIIof aortic dissection.

 

Keywords aortic aneurysm; Aortic dissection; endovascular graft exclusion

 

   近年来,随着我国高血压和主动脉粥样硬化发病率的升高以及医务工作者对动脉瘤认识的提高与诊断技术的进步,主动脉瘤手术在心血管外科占的比例日益增加。自199111月至20067月,我院外科和腔内隔绝术治疗主动脉瘤40例,临床效果良好,现报告如下。

 

临床资料

 

一、一般资料

 

40例中,男37例,女3例,年龄5-78岁,瘤体直径5.5-15.8cm(图1,图2)。病史、体征结合超声心动图、CTMRI明确诊断为主动脉瘤,马凡氏综合症11例,夹层主动脉瘤DeBakey1例,8例,IIIA1例、IIIB8例,假性胸降主动脉瘤4例,腹主动脉瘤破裂出血3例,假性腹主动脉瘤1,主动脉瓣狭窄合并升主动脉瘤1例,主动脉瓣狭窄二尖瓣关闭不全合并升主动脉瘤2例。夹层主动脉瘤均有剧烈的胸背部疼痛伴高血压,内膜破裂口位于升主动脉和降主动脉各9例,真腔小,假腔大,腹腔干、肾动脉和或肠系膜上动脉起源于假腔4例,右肾萎缩1例,左侧大量血性胸腔积液2例,一过性下肢运动障碍和疼痛3例。马凡氏综合症和主动脉瓣病变合并升主动脉瘤者,活动后心慌气短,在主动脉瓣区有中度以上舒张期和/或收缩期杂音。腹膜后大出血的3例,均有腹痛、腹胀、贫血、血压低和休克;假性胸降主动脉瘤者曾有动脉导管未闭结扎术史2例,其中伴左侧肺毁损的1例,呼吸困难,左侧呼吸音消失。既往高血压病史21例。

 

二、手术方法

 

   外科手术的30例均全身麻醉,气管插管,其中胸部正中切口,中度低温体外循环手术18例:马凡氏综合症Bentall9例,夹层主动脉瘤DeBakey型升主动脉人工血管置换5例,主动脉瓣病变合并升主动脉瘤行主动脉瓣置换+升主动置换、主动脉瓣置换升主动脉折叠缝合术各1例、主动脉瓣二尖瓣置换+升主动脉折叠缝合术2例;胸部正中切口,深低温停循环、经右锁骨下动脉选择性脑灌注手术5例:马凡氏综合症和夹层主动脉瘤DeBakeyBentall+部分弓置换3例,夹层主动脉瘤DeBakey型升主动脉+部分弓置换2例;左侧腋下小切口第四肋间进胸,右房升主动脉插管,深低温停循环假性降主动脉瘤切除、主动脉直接缝合修补1例;左胸后外侧切口2例:股动脉-股静脉插管深低温停循环、假性降主动脉瘤切除人工血管置换和左全肺切除术1例,常温非体外循环假性胸降主动脉瘤切除补片修补1例;胸腹联合切口2例:股动脉-股静脉插管,浅低温并行循环,IIIB型夹层主动脉瘤切除人工血管置换术1例、主动脉瘤切除人工血管片修补1例;腹直肌旁切口,常温非体外循环,破裂腹主动脉瘤切开补片修补2例。部分弓置换时,经右锁骨下动脉插管的选择性脑灌注量10ml/kg.min,头臂动脉开口正常者将主动脉弓及人工血管远端成斜面进行远端吻合,如头臂动脉已受侵犯,则将主动脉弓以及病变头臂动脉一并切除,用带分叉人工血管重建主动脉弓和头臂动脉。夹层主动脉瘤切除人工血管置换时,采用腔内外毛毡片的三明治法消灭假腔加固吻合口。

 

1.巨大升主动脉瘤           2.升主动脉瘤切除术后

 

覆膜支架腔内隔绝术在全身麻醉(1例)或局部麻醉加基础麻醉(9例)下进行,胸主动脉夹层者先以Seldinger技术穿刺左肱动脉,逆行插入带刻度标记的猪尾导管至升主动脉,标出左锁骨下动脉的位置,胸主动脉造影后,准确测量左锁骨下动脉开口平面主动脉直径,明确内膜破口位置、大小及其与左锁骨下动脉开口的距离,进一步排除升主动脉和弓部内膜破裂与解离。同时做腹股沟切口,游离股动脉,以Seldinger技术穿刺股动脉,置入猪尾导管,降主动脉处造影证实导管位于真腔无误,静脉注射肝素(1mg/kg),放入加长超硬导丝,退出导管,切开股动脉,沿导丝送入腔内隔绝系统(Medtronic 公司,TALENT系统,直径32—40毫米,长度10厘米),当隔绝系统的第二个刻度标记与左锁骨下动脉开口左缘(胸主动脉瘤)或肾动脉开口下缘(肾下型腹主动脉瘤)平齐时,将收缩压控制在80—90 mmHg,固定支架推送杆,快速后退输送鞘管,释放覆膜支架。造影确认支架使内膜破裂口和假腔隔绝、无内漏后,退出输送鞘管和推送杆,缝合股动脉切口(图3,图4)。

 

3III型夹层动脉瘤        4:覆膜支架植入后假腔消失。

三、结果

 

外科手术的30例中,体外循环时间(27)、心脏停跳时间(25)和深低温停循环时间(7)分别是(138.4±25.2min(78.8±16.3)min(15.5±7.6)min,马凡氏综合征巨大左心室术后低心排出量综合死亡1例,IIIB型夹层动脉瘤术后大出血死亡1例,死亡率6.7%,二次开胸止血1例,无截瘫、偏瘫和感染。覆膜支架腔内隔绝的10例,术后1-2周内低热8例、轻度腰背部疼痛1例,无大出血、内漏和死亡。全组住院死亡率5.0%,生存38例,随访1个月-5年,胸腹部疼痛消失,无心慌气短和肢体活动障碍,无死亡和远期并发症。

 

  

 

  主动脉瘤的病因比较复杂,单纯药物治疗预后比较差,特别是夹层动脉瘤易破裂大出血或引起重要器官严重缺血,在48h内死亡率50%1周达70%[1]。本组40例病因包括马凡氏综合征,动脉粥样硬化,白塞氏病和手术创伤等,包括巨大降主动脉瘤合并左肺毁损、升弓部主动脉瘤、巨大升主动脉瘤、动脉瘤破裂大出血合并休克、夹层动脉瘤等高危病人,外科术后住院死亡率6.7%,覆膜支架腔内隔绝术后无1例死亡,总体住院死亡率5.0%,无远期死亡和远期并发症,与Sabik等报道的结果相似[2]。因此对直径超过5cm的主动脉瘤,特别是I型和II型夹层动脉瘤,无论症状轻重,只要全身性情况允许,在积极控制血压、镇静止痛的同时应尽早外科手术。对DeBakeyIII型夹层主动脉瘤,如果出现药物难以控制的高血压和胸腹部疼痛、夹层持续扩大、中等量以上血胸、内脏或下肢缺血等夹层破裂征象[3],应争取进行覆膜支架腔内隔绝为主的综合治疗,以免病变发展,主动脉瘤破裂。

 

   升弓部主动脉瘤手术中应仔细检查有无夹层、夹层范围、内膜破口位置、主动脉瓣及窦管交界是否受累,再确定手术方式。主动脉瓣及窦管交界正常者仅做升主动脉和/或部分弓置换术;升主动脉瘤合并主动脉瓣关闭不全,病变累及窦管交界及冠状动脉开口者用复合带瓣管道行BentallBentall+部分弓置换术。主动脉瓣病变而窦管交界正常的升弓部主动脉瘤,保留窦管交界,行主动脉瓣与升主动脉和/或部分弓置换,简便有效[4-7]

 

大量的临床应用研究发现累及弓部的主动脉瘤手术时,神经系统损伤程度与停循环时间长短有密切关系,因此拟行弓置换者宜采用右锁骨下动脉插管、深低温停循环选择性脑灌注,以保证脑组织血液供应,减少栓塞等神经系统并发症,且可延长停循环时间,为完成主动脉弓部手术提供充分的机会,较单纯深低温停循环和深低温停循环上腔静脉逆行脑灌注或右无名动脉及左颈总动脉插管脑灌注简便、安全、可靠[7-11]

 

夹层主动脉瘤III型与I型和型相比预后稍好,但因主动脉破裂或脏器缺血等严重并发症而死亡者仍高达20%—30%[12]。传统的治疗方法只有药物和手术切除,药物治疗的目的是有效控制血压和镇痛,并不能明显提高生存率,而外科手术并发症较高。近年来,覆膜支架腔内隔绝技术得到了迅速的发展,与外科手术相比,在局部加基础麻醉下即可完成,无胸部和腹部切口,避免了低温和体外循环,操作简单,创伤小,出血等并发症少,恢复快[12-14]。对于夹层破裂口距离左锁骨下动脉开口左侧缘在1.5厘米以内者,覆带膜支架有可能会影响左锁骨下动脉的血流,多数病人通过侧枝循环不会出现左上肢缺血表现,对于Will’s环不完整或左侧椎动脉为基底动脉主要供血动脉的病人可行左颈外动脉左椎动脉旁路手术[13]。本组带膜支架腔内隔绝治疗假性胸降主动脉瘤和假性腹主动脉瘤各1例、DeBakeyIII型夹层动脉瘤8例,其中包括夹层内膜破口距离左锁骨下动脉开口仅1厘米的2例,近期和远期效果良好,除术后1-2周内反应性发热外,无大出血和神经系统并发症,无死亡。

 

参考文献

 

[1] Fuster V, Ip JH. Medical aspects of acute aortic dissection. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1991;33:219-224.

[2]  Sabik JF, Lytle BW, blackstone EH, et al. Long-term effectiveness  of operations for ascending aorticdissections.JThorac Cardiovasc Surg  2000;1195:946-62.

[3]  Erbel R, Alfonso F, Boileau C, et al. Diagnosis and management of aortic dissection. Euro Heart J 2001;2218:1642-1681.

[4]  Gott VL, Cameron DE, AlejoDE, et al. Aortic root replacement in 271 marfan patients: a 24-year experience. Ann Thorac Surg 2002 ;732:438-443.

[5]  Ergin MA, Spieivogel D, Apaydin A, et al. Surgical treatment of the dilated ascending aorta: When and how? Ann Thorac Surg 1999;676:1834-1839.

[6]  Urbanski PP, Wagner M, Zacher M, et al. Aortic root replacement versus aortic valve replacement: a case-match study. Ann Thorac Surg 2001;721:28-32.

[7]  Yacoub MH, Gehle P, Chandrasekaran V, et al. Late results of a valve persevering operations in patients with aneurysms of the ascending aorta and arch. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998;11595:1080-90.

[8]  Okita Y, takamoto S, Ando M, et al. Morbidity and cerebral outcome in patients who underwent aortic arch operations using deep hypothermic circulatory arrest with cerebral perfusion:no relation of early death, stroke and delirium to duration of circulatory areest.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998;1151:129-38.

[9]  Gott VL, Gillinov Am, Pyeritz RE, et al. Aortic root replacement: Risk factor analysis of a seventeen year experience with 270 patients . J Thorac Cardiovsc Surg 1995;1093:536-45.

[10]  Svensson LG, Grawford ES, Hess KR,et al.Deephypothermia with circulatory arrest determinants of stroke and early morbidity in 656 pations. J Thorac Cardiovasc surg 1993;1061:19-31.

[11]  Kazui T, Washiyaman, Muhammud BAH,et al. Extended total arch replacement for acute typeAaorticdissection:experience with seventy patients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000;1193:558-65.

[12] Nienaber CA, Fattori R ,Lund G, et.al. Nonsurgical reconstruction of thoracic aortic dissection by stent-graft placement. N Engl J Med 199934020:1539-1545.

[13] 景在平,冯翔,包俊敏等。腔内隔绝术治疗Stanford B 型主动脉夹层116例临床分析。中国胸心血管外科临床杂志 2003;10(1):14-17.

[14] Chavan A, Lotz J, Delert F,etal. Endoluminal treatment of aortic dissection . EUR-Radiol .2003 ;13(11):2521-2534

 

Surgical treatment and endovascular graft exclusion for aortic aneurysms. Yao Jianmin, Jia Qingren,Lu Ning, Xiao zhibin, ZhaoXiangdong, Wang Mingyan, Lu Long, Ran Ning. CardiovascularCenter, GeneralHospital of Beijing Military Region,Beijing 100700.

 

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